osteoporosis :: essays research papers

OsteoporosisOsteoporosis is a disease characterized by low b unrivalled mass and structural deterioration of devise tissue, leading to flimsy get up and an increased chance of fracturing the hip, spine and wrist bones. Osteoporosis affects not only woman but men also. One out of every two women and one in four men over fifty will experience an osteoporosis-related fracture in their lifetime. Forty-four million Americans suffer from osteoporosis sixty-eight percent of that flake are women. A couple risk factors that you cannot change concerning osteoporosis are gender, age, body size, ethnicity, and family history. Your chances of developing osteoporosis are greater if you are a woman. Women have less bone tissue and lose bone more rapidly than men because of the changes involved in menopause. Age, the older you are, the greater the risk of osteoporosis. Your bones become less slurred and weaker as you age. Body size, small, thin-boned women are at greater risk. Ethnicity, Cauca sian and Asian women are at highest risk. African American and Latino women have a note but significant risk. Family history, susceptibility to fracture may be in part, hereditary. People whose parents have a history of fractures also seem to have rock-bottom bone mass and may be at risk for fractures.Some different risk factors that you can change to help decrease the possibilitiesof osteoporosis are gender hormones, anorexia, a lifetime diet low in calcium and vitamin D, use of certain medications, inactive lifestyle or extended bed rest, cigarette smoking, ebullient use of alcohol are all risks you can prevent. Vitamin D and calcium are two main vitamins needed to keep your bones strong. Without each other, ones bones weaken. Vitamin D is needed for the body to absorb calcium. Without enough Vitamin D, we can not form enough of the hormonal calcitriol, which helps the calcium be absorbed. You can get Vitamin D from either your daily diet or fifteen minutes in the sun. The act ual needed amounts necessary for your body every day differ from soul to person depending usually on age or pregnancy.

A Biography On Lousia May Alcot :: essays research papers

Louisa whitethorn Alcott was born on November 29, 1832, in Germantown, Pennsylvania. When she was almost 2 years old, Louisas family moved to Massachusetts, the state where she lived the mountain of her life. The family moved many times over the years, usually back and forth between Boston and Concord (Mass.). Some notable places Louisa lived were "Fruitlands" in Harvard, Massachusetts "Hillside" in Concord and "Orchard House," also in Concord. "Fruitlands" was the site of her fathers attempt at Utopian living, which she wrote about in Transcendental Wild Oats, thirty years afterward in 1873. Louisas childhood at "Hillside" (later renamed "Wayside" by Nathaniel Hawthorne, when he lived there) served as the basis for the action in her most popular novel, Little Women, which she wrote as an big(a) living in "Orchard House." Interestingly, these latter two houses were located next door to each other, with a walking path through the woods between. They argon both still standing and open for tours in Concord.She was a versatile writer who started at an early age. At the encouragement of her father, she kept a diary as a child--which probably helped her to discover her love and talent for writing and surely provided ideas later for her various plots and characters. As a teenager, Louisa wrote several plays, poems, and short stories. She achieved takings for the first time at age nineteen, with a poem entitled "Sunlight" (1851), which she wrote under the pseudonym, "Flora Fairfield". The title of Ms. Alcotts first published short write up was "The Rival Painters A Tale of Rome" (1852), and her first published book was Flower Fables (1854), a collection of short fairy-tale stories and poems which she had originally created to entertain Ralph Waldo Emersons daughter Ellen. Louisa May Alcott wrote her first novel, The Inheritance, at age seventeen, but it went unpublished for nearly 15 0 years until 1997, after two researchers (Joel Myerson and Daniel Shealy) stumbled across the handwritten manuscript in the Houghton library at Harvard University . Of course, Ms. Alcott is best known for a different novel, Little Women, which she wrote in two parts. The first volume, subtitled Meg, Jo, Beth, and Amy, was published in 1868, and the second volume, alternately titled skillful Wives, was published in 1869. Like Jo in Little Women, Louisa also wrote many "blood and thunder" tales, which were published in popular periodicals of the day.

Free Essay - The Scarlet Letter and the Christian Utopia :: Scarlet Letter essays

The Scarlet Letter and the Christian Utopia       Throughout the novel The Scarlet Letter, Nathaniel Hawthorne develops the Christian Utopia to bear witness to the reader the ideals and way of life the Puritans sayingd. The main character, Hester Prynne, commits a crime so unfathomable by the society yet she was able to live her life self-supporting from the norms and values. Judgments of societys moral transgressions have altered since the Puritan era in such a way that we argon no longer severely condemned for our principles. People are forgiven for their sins, still nonetheless they are forever persecuted to live with the daunt such as Hester did in the novel.   The Puritans believed that the Christian Utopia could be achieved by obeying a certain rule. spiritism played a key component in dictating their lives. Hester for example, did not go against her community on purpose, but acted independently and followed the path of human nature. She still have religious morals. Yet this is disregarded by her act of adultery. In society during that time period, no matter how much good one does, the latter is what takes hold. and then Hester is labeled to wearing the scarlet letter A, in addition to having to take care of her fatherless child. Today, people do turn to religion for guidance, but not to the point where religion commands every action a person makes. People have drifted away from the black and white customs and adapted wring and emotion to the path of life. People are given the opportunity to give up a child born out of wedlock to an adoption agency. unity mothers can attend schools with daycares. This is far from what Hester could ever imagine. Hawthorne develops Hesters character in an exaggeration through the usage of symbolism, to further emphasis the level of severity of her crime. She clutched the child so fiercely to her breast, that it sent forth a cry she turned her eyes downward at the scarlet let ter, and even touched it with her finger, to assure herself that the infant and the shame were real (Hawthorne 41). The Puritans viewed man as an animal, as if people needed to be controlled. Hawthorne shows that the balance between Man and Morality is not equal in the face of the Puritans.

Life at college :: essays research papers

Term PaperThe person with whom I sat and collected my data for my term paper was a woman who works in the ethnic Studies program in the library here at school. I interviewed her not because she work in Ethnic Studies, but because she, like myself was a member of a Greek-Letter organization. For the rest of the state that does not know, she is in a sorority and I am in a fraternity. Due to the fact that we had such a common ground, sure there was a number of direction that my paper could have taken, but I focused it on the way it was when she assured, and the way it is now and moreover wherefore numbers of intakes are decline so rapidly in this part of the country.The woman I spoke with was a girl, a member of Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Inc. Delta Sigma Theta, along with octonary other fraternities and sororities comprise the National Pan-Hellenic Council. This council is the housing body for these nine historically black Greek-Letter Organizations, more commonly named the Nob le Nine. The oldest of these organizations is alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, Inc.(1908) and the youngest is the fraternity that I am a member of, Iota Phi Theta Fraternity, Inc.(1963). Lisas organization was founded in 1913, just the fifth of these organizations founded, and only the second sorority. As has been evidenced, with accredited organizations having more years on others, some prejudices and stereotypes have been created and perpetuated, and this is where we began our discussion.You guys werent even around when I pledged was one of the first things Lisa said to me in our interview. Although, Lisa did pledge after 1963, Iota Phi Theta Fraternity, Inc., had not yet been an officially inducted in to the NPHC. Although Lisa takes a more pro-active and mature approach to learning about this new organization, there soundless remain a few that dont. I know about your organization, although they werent around when I was in school, Lisa said. The minority of the Greek population feel s as though if you werent around when the pledged, then you dont exist or get recognized. Also the older the organization the larger the organization. For instance, since Lisas sorority was founded an entire fifty years before mine, their membership is significantly higher. Some people from the old school of thought have being enculturated to hold the desire that an organizations worth is directly related to its size.

Italian Women of the Renaissance Essays -- Arts, Gentileschi, Anguisso

Across Europe, between 1400 and 1650, there were women present in all study styles of time. They worked along side of great artists and were developing new techniques and styles. Women also played a very important role in the Renaissance. Although not as rise documented as their male counterparts, women worked along with the other great masters, were just as innovating, and were key in developing new techniques.Artemisia Gentileschi (1593 1652), daughter of a long-familiar Roman artist, was one of the first women to become recognized in her time for her work.. She was noted for being a genius in the world of art. But because she was displaying a talent thought to be exclusively for men, she was frowned upon. However by the time she turned seventeen she had created one of her best works. One of her more famous paintings was her sensational interpretation of Susanna and the Elders. This was all because of her father. He was an artist himself and he had trained her and introduced her to working artists of Rome, including Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio. 1. In an era when women artists were limited to painting portraits, she was the first to paint study historical and religious scenes. After her death, people seemed to forget about her. Her works of art were often mistaken for those of her fathers. An art historian on Artemisia, Mary D. Garrard notes that Artemisia has suffered a scholarly neglect that is unthinkable for an artist of her caliber. Renewed and long overdue interest in Artemisia recently has helped to recognize her as a talented spiritual rebirth painter and one of the worlds greatest female artists. She played a very important role in the renaissance.(http//www.artemisia-gentileschi.com/index.shtml)Another... ...n for her spontaneity which came from her passionate and cussed temperament. In her Rime, she writes poems relating to her love of a man named Collaltino. Her poems are filled with ecstasy and sorrow, with the remembering of happ y moments but also with jealousy and anxiety between the two. In 1553, her health took a turn for the worse. She caught a high fever which killed her in a few days. The same year, her sister had her Rime published. It was not very happy in her century. It had to wait two centuries before being published again. She is now hailed as one of the greatest Italian poets. Stampas Rime is one of the largest arrangement of Canzonieri in the Italian literature. There are 311 poems in all, arranged in chronological order. Gaspara freed herself from her obsessive love by transferring her pain into some of the greatest verse in Italian history.

Italian Women of the Renaissance Essays -- Arts, Gentileschi, Anguisso

Across Europe, between 1400 and 1650, there were women present in all major styles of time. They worked on side of great artists and were developing new techniques and styles. Women also played a very important role in the Renaissance. Although not as well attested as their male counterparts, women worked along with the other great masters, were just as innovating, and were key in developing new techniques.Artemisia Gentileschi (1593 1652), daughter of a well-known papistical artist, was one of the first women to become recognized in her time for her work.. She was noted for being a genius in the world of art. But because she was displaying a gift thought to be exclusively for men, she was frowned upon. However by the time she turned seventeen she had created one of her best works. One of her more famous paintings was her stunning recital of Susanna and the Elders. This was all because of her father. He was an artist himself and he had trained her and introduced her to worki ng artists of Rome, including Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio. 1. In an era when women artists were limited to painting portraits, she was the first to paint major diachronic and religious scenes. After her death, people seemed to forget about her. Her works of art were often mistaken for those of her fathers. An art historian on Artemisia, Mary D. Garrard notes that Artemisia has suffered a academic neglect that is unthinkable for an artist of her caliber. Renewed and long overdue interest in Artemisia recently has helped to recognize her as a talented renaissance cougar and one of the worlds greatest female artists. She played a very important role in the renaissance.(http//www.artemisia-gentileschi.com/index.shtml)Another... ...n for her spontaneity which came from her passionate and stubborn temperament. In her Rime, she writes poems relating to her love of a man named Collaltino. Her poems are filled with ecstasy and sorrow, with the remembering of happy moments but also with jealousy and anxiety between the two. In 1553, her health took a turn for the worse. She caught a high fever which killed her in a few days. The same year, her sister had her Rime published. It was not very successful in her century. It had to wait two centuries before being published again. She is now hailed as one of the greatest Italian poets. Stampas Rime is one of the largest collection of Canzonieri in the Italian literature. There are 311 poems in all, arranged in chronological order. Gaspara freed herself from her obsessive love by transferring her pain into some of the greatest poetry in Italian history.

Hong Kong and Disneyland

As Disney tried to expand their empire further into Asia, they were not at solely as successful as they had originally expected. With the success of Tokyo Disney lapse producers of Hong Kong Disney were projecting the same experiences to happen in Hong Kong. By using the failures found in Disney demean Resort Paris they knew what not to do in order to achieve greater worth of the Disney name abroad. Though Tokyo and Paris are totally different cultures, the adaptation of each culture was done in two different ways, varying the overall success of both parks.In Tokyo, Disney forfeited their rights and turn over it over to the Japanese, which essentially made it easier for the Japanese to take an American owned and operated business and make it into their own. After seeing the success Tokyo had, Disney did not deprivation to surrender their rights a second fourth dimension when they moved into France. Being seen as one of the largest consumers of Disney products come inside of th e US, France became an ideal location for what was originally named Euro Disney. However, it was not as cordially welcomed as the Disney executives had thought.The resistance of the French government was one of the main problems in achieving success in Paris. This key failure helped in figuring out how to surpass open a new park in Hong Kong. The Chinese, overall, were very excited and welcoming of the new Disney Park heading into their res publica. As the case study pointed out Chinese needed Disney and Disney needed China. Both byword the addition of a Disney Park as a way to increase revenue and tourism, and more importantly, Disney saw Hong Kong as the gateway into China.They were able to use the Chinese government as a way to get involved with the community and immerse itself into the culture. At depression this all seemed ideal, but as time progressed and the park opened, it sought problems. Like any new business, things did not go as smoothly as anticipated. During the beginning year the crisis of the Lunar New Year Holiday happened, decreasing park attendance and revenue by a landslide. This lapse of miscommunication affected the company tremendously, and gave the Disney Resort an overall bad name.After apologies and reimbursements, all that could really have been done after a crisis like that had taken place appropriately. This is where it was apparent that truly catch a culture is necessary to efficiently run a successful business, which is what Disney should have learned from their Paris location. With complaints rising about the lack of activity in the park, and the mistreatment accepted during their stay, the attendance started to decline, and consumers started to speak out against Hong Kong Disney.The character performers started to speak out as well, which is when the executives realized they needed to not only get up their sales, but boost the overall morale of the park. In order to bring back attendance, HKD adjusted their pricing and incorporated a new promotion with the local taxi drivers, so as to create word of mouth advertising. They worked with local TV stations and travel agencies in promoting the park.Through all the negative publicity that was received during the eldest year, HKD overcame their mistakes allowing for a hopeful future. It is apparent that the successfulness of Tokyo is due to the way the company is run, which is by the Japanese. It is hard for a foreign company to claim land and just hope for the best, which is clear that happened in France, and potentially in Hong Kong. Though HKD has much more support with the government then Paris, both have had difficultly in establishing an understanding of the culture at hand.When one doesnt understand a culture, and accidentally disrupts it, the people of the country will have a hard time forgetting the situation, which will ruin the success of the company. Through the hardships acquired in Paris, Disney should have better prepared itself for anot her cultural difference, accepting the holidays, and implementing different rules appropriate for each country rather then the parks cumulatively. Disney should better understand this if they plan on operating another park abroad, because it is evident that the people will speak out, curiously of an American based company.

“Exchanging Our Country Marks” by Michael Gomez Essay

In Exchanging Our Country Marks, Michael Gomez brings together various strands of the historical record in a stunning fusion that points the way to a definitive history of the Statesn Slavery. In this fusion of history, anthropology, and sociology, Gomez has made expert use of primary sources, including refreshedspapers ads for fugitive slaves in colonial America. Slave runaway accounts from newspapers are combined with personal diaries, church records, and variateer slave narratives to provide a starting linehand account of the African and African-American experiences during the eighteenth to the mid-nineteenth centuries. With this mastery of sources, Gomez challenges galore(postnominal) of the prevailing assumptions approximately slavery for example, that the new condition of slavery superseded all others (48) and he advances intriguing new speculations ab kayoed the development of a collective African-American identity. In Gomezs words It is a study of their efforts to move from ethnicity to race as a basis for such(prenominal) an identity, a movement best understood when the impact of some(prenominal) internal and external forces upon social relations within this community is examined(4).According to Gomez this identity emerged start of a mixture of African identities. Throughout his study Gomez illustrates how Africans transferred their unique culture and heritage to the New World. He uncovers the harshness of the Middle Passage, and describes how some(prenominal) enslaved Africans attempted suicide, some successfully. Africans did non embrace the institution of slavery, and many chose to run away. The millions of Africans brought to America would not have thought of themselves as African they were Asante, Yoruba, or Igbo, their lives and characters demarcated by colony or nation. Gomez devoted a ch minded(predicate)er to Muslims that had a religious identity connecting them to Arabia and Palestine rather than their native land. The Muslims br ought with them a different idea about themselves and their world. As Gomez noted, the societies of western hemisphere Africa also had their own histories. These the societies changed during the four centuries of the slave trade operation. Slave traders arrived at a particular point in their history. There arrival influenced their history it did not create it. Gomez provides an understanding of what happened in West Africa before, during, and after the slave trade.Gomez opens his book with Denmark Veseys 1822 experiment in building a multi-ethnic community displaced Africans in Charleston, South Carolina. Vesey tried to replace ethnic diversity of African peoples with a mixd movement of Africans in America based on the Bible. We must unite together as the Santo Domingo people did, Vesey told his followers, who nonetheless still organized themselves by ethnicity, with an Igbo column and Gullah column (3). Veseys uprising failed, but not his experiment. The African peoples came to de fine themselves along racial, rather than ethnic lines, though they would glide by to transmit stories of their own ethnic cultures to their children. Just as Europeans immigrants came out of specific historical and social contexts, the Africans had respective(prenominal) social, religious, and historical identities. Gomez encourages a re-examination of African-American history by suggesting how different communities of Africans responded and transferred their unique culture and heritage to the New World and also shows how particular African societies and cultures continue to shape our society.For example, the Kissi of Sierre Leone lived in homespun villages, with out a strong governing state. They formed secret associations that acted as loose governing forces over their dispersed rural settlements. In their society women were autonomous, performing most of the societys agricultural work. The Kissi came to America with no desire for political power. The Akan, on the other hand, had a passing organized political society. For centuries, they had dominated the gold and kola nut trades. After being conquered by the Asante in the eighteenth century the Akan succumbed to the slave trade, entering America not only experienced with centralized power but also politically insecure after the long-standing Asante threat. Members of the Kissi and Akan came to America with pro entraply different outlooks on life.Gomez examines both the African communities from which these people came and the specific places in North America to which they were taken. The ethnicity of Africans brought to Virginia, to South Carolina, or to lanthanum shaped the African American communities on those areas much to a greater extent than did the nature of their work or other factors. The Bambara and Malinke people from the Senegambia region who were transported to colonial South Carolina andFrench Louisiana brought with them their technological skill in growing rice. The first slave ships to reach Louisiana, in 1719, brought both African slaves and African rice seeds. By the end of the century, however a greater proportion of African brought to Louisiana were Yoruba, Fon, or Ewe. These people Gomez argues, synthesized the complex Yoruba region into hoodoo, which Gomez neither romanticizes nor belittles.Besides ethnicity and race, Africans religion had a significant impact on African American culture and survived the mental intrusion of American Christianity. Gomez is convincing in his accounts of Islam and Christianity. Islam, Gomez suggests, may have influenced African -American culture in ways herefore unimagined (82). Gomezs goal is to find out how these different peoples and societies influenced their world. Muslims brought to America carried a feeling of cultural supremacy and a connection with the wider world- a mixed identity that separated them from other Africans. But this insularism from other Africans, which amounted to a transcendence of ethnic category, a llowed the Muslims to develop bonds of community with other Africans more easily than Africans who still identified with their own ethnic cultures. Gomez argues that Muslims were more apt to enter Georgia, South Carolina, and Louisiana than the Chesapeake, perhaps numbering in the thousands.Muslims, Gomez argues, also made significant efforts to practice and preserve their religion. Evidence for this claim includes praying beads found in slave cabins, the construction of churches facing east, and names found in runaway ads and slave registers. Gomez explains how the ring shout and the relationship of pee baptism were important African elements that survived in the black church. For example the shout was an indication of social rank and ancestral identification(270), and baptism was a means by which the community grew nextr, whether salt water or county born(273). Both were important vehicles in both conversion and movement towards reconceptualization, resistance and defiance(274). The ring shout was not simply a transitional tool for creating racial identity. For Igbo, the ring shout had a particular social purpose, that is, to preserve community identity. Gomez relates the tendency of Igbo slaves in America to commitsuicide with folklore about flying back to Africa, or disappearing. The ring ceremony in Aliica was a way to solidify community identity and to bring the living into sharing with ancestors. The Igbo in America simply adapted it to their new setting.As the nineteenth century progressed blacks embraced Christianity but the liturgy was Africanized(279). Also, blacks preferred the Baptist denomination because it was decentralized and democratic. Just as some Africans would use the ring shout as a metaphysical return to the homeland and others as a means to forge a new community in America, Africans and African -Americans had different recollections of the slave trade that had caused their dislocation. Gomez analyzes two sets of traditions. In one se t, Africans were tricked onto slave ships by Europeans offering them red cloth. But in another record, King Buzzard, an African king, was condemned to travel alone through the world as a buzzard for betraying his own and other people into slavery. The significance of this tale for Gomezs leaning lies in its transformation of historical fact. When Africans enslaved other Africans, they did not view themselves as betraying their own people. They would have regarded themselves as Aro or Asante or Wolof marketing Igbo or Akan or Manlike. Folktales like the one about King Buzzard, created in America to explain the foundations of African slaves, gave to these different people a common origin on the distant continent.The Africans change from the self-awareness of ethnicity to that of race emerged from a common servitude, white attitudes, and an internal dialogue(242). Association and location figured importantly as blacks in the Deep South, living in close propinquity to one another, r esisted creolization, in contrast to Upper South blacks, a minority in close proximity to a white majority. Conversion to Christianity, a slow process, was helped along by incorporating familiar African practices such as the ring shout, water baptism, and funeral rites. Conversion, however, separated converts form the unconverted. By 1830, when Gomez concludes his book, African-Americans were divided by rival visions, one a future partnership in North America, the other a past as close to the bosom of Africa as they could get(292).This book contains numerous firsthand accounts detailing the social transformation of African-American culture in the New World. Gomezs argument is convincing he succeeds in uncovering how ethnicity and race affected the African American community in the colonial and antebellum South. His work is carefully organized, with many landmarks for the reader. Exchanging Our Country Marks is well balanced and written it is a significant contribution to the African experience in American.

Community Health Department Investigation

The Health Department received a letter notifying them of a possible wellness problem in regards to students at Truman and capital of Mississippi Middle Schools. It is my duties as a member of the investigative team to find out if there was an increase of absences and for what classes. In looking at the charts it would appear that the absences occurred for the band classes at Truman and Jackson Middle Schools on May 20th. The chart shows an absent rate of 33% for Truman and 25% for Jackson (Independent School District 12 Intranet).According to the letter from the principal at Truman Middle School she is concerned that a flu outbreak could be the cause of the students absences but there is also information from the Health Department inspections that shows restaurants with violations such as sanitation, food storage, and food preparation. My first surmisal would be that the students from Truman and Jackson were absent from school on the 20th because they ate at one of the restaurants and caught food poisoning.Several of the students had similar symptoms such as diarrhea, fever, and honk which kept them from attending school. My second hypothesis would be that the students from the two schools came in contact with another which could have lead them to transmitting the flu to one another. This would be supported by the fact that on the calendar of events the students attended the Battle of the Bands on May 19th, which was a day before the absences started taking place.There argon six testable questions that could help with the investigation how close are Truman and Jackson schools, did other band students from Kennedy and Roosevelt report the same symptoms, was there direct contact between the students at Truman and Jackson, were the band students from Kennedy and Roosevelt in contact with the students from Truman and Jackson, was the reported illnesses from students who played the same instrument, and how close are Kennedy and Roosevelt to Truman and Jackson.The following statement The Brentwood Indians basketball team lost the state championship because there is bad stuff in the stars happening with Mars in Aquarius, is not a suitable hypothesis. In order for bad stuff to be tested we would need to know what exactly it is that they are referring to as bad stuff.

Education Essay

Sure Start Childrens Centre-Family establish centres who non only provide archaeozoic years cultivation but offer help and condescend to p bents too. Day Nursery-These argon individually cause businesses. Childminder-You would normally take your child to the childminders home. They can look after upto 6 children but no to a greater extent than 3 of these can be under the age of 5. Nannie/Live in cargonr-Would look after your children in your home. There are four main types of State instructs which are funded by local government. They all follow the National Curriculum and are monitored by Oftsed.Community School- Community schools are run by the local government, which employs school supply, owns the land and buildings, and bent grasss the charm criteria that decide which children are eligible for a place. Foundation and Trust schools- Foundation schools are run by a giving medication body which employs the staff and sets the entrance criteria. Land and buildings are poss ess either by the governing body or by a charitable foundation. Trust schools are similar, but are run together with an outside body usually a business or generosity which has formed an educational trust.Voluntary aided school- Voluntary-aided schools are religious or faith schools. Just like foundation schools, the governing body employs the staff and sets the entrance criteria. School buildings and land are usually owned by a charity, often a church. Voluntary controlled schools- Voluntary controlled schools are a cross amidst federation and voluntary aided schools. The local authority employs the staff and sets the entrance criteria, like a community school, but the school land and buildings are owned by a charity, often a church, which also appoints or so members of the governing body.Other types of schools are Specialist- State secondaries often specialise, which means they do an extra wildness in one or two subjects. Schools can specialise in the arts, maths and comput ing, business and enterprise, music, engineering, science, humanities, sports, languages, and technology. They would usually gain extra supporting for these departments. Academies- Academies are independently managed schools set up by sponsors from business, faith or voluntary groups in partnership with the local authority and the government Department for Children, Schools and Families.Special school- Pupils at a special school have usually been assessed and given a statement of special educational needs (SEN). These may include breeding disabilities or sensual disabilities. Some special schools are funded by the local education authority. These could be community, voluntary-aided or controlled, or foundation special schools. Some special schools are independent. sinless school- Free Schools are normally brand- current schools set up by t individuallyers, charities, community or faith groups, universities and groups of parents where there is parental demand.They depart be set up as Academies and will be funded in the same way, directly from central government. They also share with Academies a greater control over their finances, the curriculum, and teachers yield and tallys. There are several post16 options for untried people and adults to consider. During the course of year 11 at school you should have met with a careers advisor who has a riches of information that they can share regarding the different options available. Depending upon choice and exam results there are different routes that could be taken.Staying on at your own school to recapture exams or partake in new subjects. Or sixth form at a new school to do the same thing. College is also an another(prenominal)(prenominal) option for either the retaking of exams or to study something new. University is available for those who wish to take their education to another level. Employment is obviously an option immediately for some people who have been able to gain required exam results to obta in a position at be given straight away. Volunteering to do conk is an prospect to gain invaluable experience that may be needed to clinch a position of employment. Task 2The strategic purpose of the school governors, spunkyer-ranking focusing team, other statutory offices, teachers and support staff is primarily to provide a safe, secure environment to provide an excellent range of teaching and learning. but they all have their own roles in facilitating this. School governors- Are responsible for how the school is performing, for staffing and budgeting. Challenging the head and/or teachers nigh whatever issues and ensuring that the school is contact all of its pupils needs. Senior Management team- The head, deputy and heads of departments usually make up this team.The SMT will ensure that they keep the rest of the staff up to date with each issues and help to motivate staff and students in trying to lead by example. SENCO- Special educational Needs Co-Ordinator will ove rsee all of the pupils on role who have any sort of educational need and is usually directly obscure with the management and deployment of the support staff. Teachers- Are responsible for providing students with the best education possible. They are role models to all students and their teaching will have a direct impact on them. They will help motivate students and colleagues.Support staff- Will work under the guidance of the Teacher either in the whole class setting, with small groups or indeed on a 11 basis. over again will be looked upon as a role model and supports both students and staff alike. Other professionals who may work with a school include Educational psychologist, The Educational Psychologists role is to work closely with the Senco and parents to support children who are experiencing on going difficulties with learning. The jurisprudence, In our school we actually have a Police officer on rate who all pupils get to meet and who also works closely with the local c ommunity.School nurses work closely with the school and mingled pupils who may have certain medical requirements. They also provide drop in clinics inside school for confidential help such as quitting smoking. The ethos, mission, aims and value of a school should be reflected in work practices by leading through example. The Ethos of the school should be recognisable when entering the school setting as it is part and parcel of the environment of the school and the daily practice of the staff and pupils there. All adults who work at a school have an important esponsibility in modelling measuring sticks of demeanor, both in their dealings with children who attend the school and amongst colleagues, as their own example has a great influence on the children. Good associations and potent collaborations amidst adults will encourage the good behaviour in children. All adults within the school should aim to create an optimistic and positive environment that holds high but reasonable e xpectations of every child who attends the school, emphasise the significance of being respected as an individual within the school as well as outside.Encourage, through example, truthfulness and politeness while encouraging children to have relationships based on fairness, kindness and understanding of the needs of the other children within the school. The ethos and mission of a school are often referred to as the same, however, they are both different. The mission of a school is based upon what the school intends to achieve in a more physical and academic way, as set out by the head teacher. This is often seen as a motto and slogan as you enter a school. Ours is Inspire, Believe, Achieve. The Ethos of a school is more related to the beliefs and feelings of a school.The Ethos of the school should be recognisable when entering the school environment as it is part of the temperament and daily practice of the staff and pupils who work there. The ethos is set out for the whole school to be aware of and is reinforced through daily activities. It enforces that childrens natural rubber is paramount and that the children are at the centre of everything. The aims of the school are set out by the head teacher in partnership with the parents, staff and the community which should provide all members of the school community with a safe and respected environment which is paramount in obtaining a successful learning environment.The aims for the children at our school are to provide each pupil with the appropriate balance of both challenge and support in their learning, to provide for the spiritual, moral, intellectual and physical development of the pupils heedless of their gender, race, ethnic background or disability. The roles of regulative bodies relevant to the education sector which exist to monitor and enforce the legislative framework, including General bodies such as the health and Safety Executive. Health and Safety Executives (HSE) is a UK government body th at is responsible for enforcing Health and Safety at work legislation.The HSE plays an additional role in producing advice on Health and Safety issues and guidance on relevant legislation. The HSE mission is to prevent ill health, injuries and to ensure that professionals within education or elsewhere are managing any significant risks arising from school activities and off the school premises. The HSE will check a number of things within a school e. g. toilet facilities for both staff and pupils, the condition of the school premises, medical rooms, water supplies, weather protection, lighting, heating and ventilation.Properly maintained flooring and that the appropriate measures are in place to prevent slips on stiff surfaces. In the playground, the equipment that the children play on or use is not faulty or rusted and that the playground surfaces are comme il faut. On school trips and off site visits HSE will be carried out on any special educational or medical needs of the stud ents. The age, competence and fitness of the pupils, along with the usual standard of behaviour. Adult to student ratio. The proficiency and experience of the accompanying adults. Modes of transport, journey routes and location visits as well as any emergency procedures.School specific regulatory bodies. School specific regulatory bodies (OFSTED for England) are responsible for carrying out inspections of colleges, childrens homes and schools to ensure that the quality of the service provided is adequate for every individual child and boyish person. During an inspection they will gather evidence based on the practice they are observing as well as what they learn from the people victimization the service. They then use this evidence and other information that is gathered to make a professional judgement on the service offered and it will then be published in an Ofsted report.The report will contain the quality of provision in the National Curriculum subjects and aspects of childcare , social care, education as well as learning and skills. Ofsted will also act as a regulator in checking that the people, premises and the services that are provided are suitable to care and recrudesce children and potentially at risk puppyish people. If childcare or a childs social care provider does not meet the adequate or required standards then Ofsted will need them to take the necessary actions to improve their facilities.Policies are important because they help schools establish rules and procedures and create standards of quality for learning and safety, as well as expectations and accountability. Without these, schools would lack the structure and function necessary to provide the educational needs of students. Ultimately, policies are necessary to the success and safety of a school. Policies for staff are put in place to protect the staffs welfare and their rights within a school setting and to support staff in their management of situations they may be involved in. Ever y policy should draw its aims, purpose and responsibilities the staff will have.Examples of policies staff may have relating to Anti-bullying policy will outline what the school will do to prevent and tackle bullying. How the school will discuss, monitor and deal with bullying. Whistle blowing policy will provide avenues for staff to effect genuine concerns about other members of staff and will allow a member of staff to take the matter further if theyre dissatisfied with the governing body or local authorities response. The policy will also assure staff of the steps that will be taken to protect themselves from reprisals in whistle blowing real worries.Pupil welfare policies will include Discipline policy which will show that the school will encourage positive behaviour which will enhance opportunities for children to learn and develop, and establish acceptable patterns of behaviour that will encourage a sense of responsibility towards others. Child protection policy will consist of key elements in protecting children and young people, these elements being To ensure that the appropriate steps will be taken in checking the suitability of staff and volunteers who work with children and young people in a school environment.Raise awareness of child protection issues and providing children with the skills and knowledge they require to keep themselves safe. Develop and apply procedures to identify and report cases, or suspected cases of abuse. Support victims of abuse in accordance with their arranged child protection plan. Establish safe surroundings in which children and young people can learn and develop to the best of their ability. Teaching and learning will include curriculum policies, special educational needs policy, grooming and assessment policy and marking policy.The aims and missions of these policies are to provide safe, stimulating learning environments for pupils and teachers. These policies are put in place to ensure that all children have an l iken opportunity to the school curriculum so that learning is differentiated to fit each childs individual learning needs and capabilities. Equality, diversity and cellular inclusion the following policies are set in place to ensure that all children, regardless of their background, abilities or disabilities, race or religious beliefs have equal penetration to the school and its curriculum and to be treated equally in every aspect of school life.The Gifted and Talented policy outlines the way that the school identifies what pass and talented means and also identifies the procedures and measures that are used in supporting a child or young person who is gifted and talented. An Equal Opportunities constitution is set in place in education to ensure that children and staff recognise that discrimination on the foundation of colour, culture, origin, sex or ability is not acceptable and to ensure that all staff feel valued, supported and have the appropriate advice and encouragement fo r professional development.Children are to be seen as an individual and each childs education is to be developed in relation to their needs and abilities. Parental engagement parents and families play a fundamental role in helping children achieve their full potential in education by supporting them in their learning and developing within their own homes. By working together with the childs school parents can create a learning environment to help reinforce lessons that are learned at school. prep policies contribute towards building responsibilities and self-discipline in a student.Homework should provide a student with the opportunity to apply the information they have learned in class, complete unfinished class assignments and develop independence. Home School Agreement can raise standards and contribute to school success by providing structure for partnerships between home and schools on issues such as pupils progress, information on what pupils will be taught and any concerns t hat may affect the pupils ability to learn. Parents are able to support and help their childs learning at home with more success and confidence.Schools need to ensure that policies and procedures that are in place are on a regular basis revised and updated. Each policy will be dated and have a date for its revision. There are model policies available on the network through local education authorities to assist the schools in drawing them up as this can be a time consuming process. Depending on the policy, the person responsible for a curriculum area (for example, the numeracy coordinator) may produce a draft policy and then have it checked by other staff during a meeting. It will then need to be agreed or ratified by the governing body before it takes effect.The revised/new policies or procedures would be communicated/distributed in the appropriate way ie. If it was an updated mobile phone policy for pupils then letters would be sent to parents and the new version post on the schoo l website. National Government. The Department for Education is responsible for education and childrens services. Basically, this means that they are responsible for setting the national curriculum and early years foundation stage, which the schools and nurseries operate and also looks into new ways to develop the quality of service available to children.Other roles and responsibilities of the Department of Education include funding research into Education based projects concerning children and young people. Developing workforce reform such as the 2020 childrens workforce strategy. Promoting integrated working for those who work with children and young people. Developing the role of the third sector, which are non-government organisations, such as voluntary, community organisations and charities that work with children and young people. Local Government. Are responsible for providing services to all the schools in the community.The local Education authority is responsible for provid ing, school management issues, behaviour management, the development of school policies, staff training and development and special educational needs. The grass will have policies which communicate their own leadership for schools in the community. The local authority will employ specialist advisers for different aspects of the curriculum. They will also have people with their own area of expertise in place for pupils with challenging behaviour and special educational needs.The majority of these services will be provided exculpate to schools by the grazing land, but in some circumstances the school could be expected to pay, this will be when specialist teachers need to come into the school setting. The LEA will be responsible for informing the schools in the community of changes to the education policy and they will then be given extra training within the area of changes. It is the responsibility of all schools to make sure they are up to date with all the current policies which a re put in place for children, young people and their families.There are a large range of organisations that work with children and young people. All these organisations will delegate with each other as a team and share their knowledge and experiences to achieve the best interest of children and young people. Social services will work with schools if certain information comes to light about pupils or if they need to gather information for court reasons. Childrens Services. Are based on the framework Every Child Matters.These are basically based in different areas of professionals including Education, health, early years, child care, social services and youth services. These will work with secondary schools, but will be more involved with the training and provision of young people from the age of 14 and beyond. National Health Services. There are many different services which will work with and within the school setting. These may be employed by the national health services and the pr imary care trust. This will include Speech therapists, occupational therapists, Physiotherapists.

My Best Friend Essay

My best friends name is Brittney Lewis. We sire been friends since the ninth grade. We have a fewer things in common, but were mostly best friends because opposites attract. Brittney and I met in a Physical Science class we had to frustrateher. At first we didnt verbalise very much if at solely, but after a epoch we grew on each other and stated hanging out together. Since then we have remained friends and since shared many things together like good laughs, jobs, and even some convictions that werent so good for both of us. Mostly, Im secure happy to be able to have such a great friend like her.Like I said before, Brittney and I met in a Physical Science class that we had. That class contained an abnormal group of people. There were a lot of those student types that didnt care about school, much less(prenominal) class and then there were those that were class clowns who always thought they should have a minute or two to enlighten us with a humor everyday. As you can see this class was pretty out of control and there wasnt any way to cool us down. Brittney and I sit next to each other all the time and would sit back and watch as the rest of the people in the class made fools of themselves while receiving referrals to the principal. We always laughed and played around in that class and it made us closer as friends seeing as how we were the only two normal ones there we sort of became really good friends. Dont get me wrong there have been many other times that she and I spent laugh our asses off, if not at other people or things then at us.Many of our laughs come from when we started working together at Dunkin Donuts/Baskin Robbins. Boy, we sure have a lot of bonding memories at that job. We absolutely hated working at that dump and would strongly suggest that no one apply to work there.It all started off when I got leased in the 10th grade and Brittney and I were in History together when I told her. She immediately asked if I could get her hired and I t old her I supposed I could help her since she sounded so desperate when she asked. After a few days after I mentioned to my boss that a friend of mine was seeking employment and wanted to join our staff he told me to call her and tell her she was hired. She was thrilled that I had gotten her the job. The both of us were not so thrilled to findout what our job was going to be like. Soon after working there for a little over a year Brittney and I realized we didnt have to slave for minimum wage when many of our friends had clean jobs and were getting paid way more than than every of us. So, we decided to throw in the towel and quit. It wasnt long until Brittney and I landed a job together getting paid way more and staying clean at a shoe and apparel store called The Underground Station. We loved our job. It was just another thing that brought the two of us even closer. engage moreFriends in Need are Friends IndeedSome of the closest people to you, like your mom, dad, uncle, grandpare nts forget tell you what dont kill you will only make you stronger. During Brittneys and my last year and a half in Savannah, before moving here, we both hit some bumpy areas in the road.At this point Brittney and I had been really good friends for about three years. Brittney was sixteen years old and I was still fifteen, about to turn sixteen. Now, sometimes, preadolescent folks, like me, get spur of the moment ideas and run with them. The idea was to get a tattoo. I knew my mom would be devastated if she found out, but I wasnt thinking about her. Brittney already had a tattoo and wanted another one. I didnt have any and wanted one. Together we made an mesh to go see P, our local tattoo artist for under age kids wanting some permanent body art. In less than 30 minutes I had deceived my mom and still knew she would be crushed if she knew what I had done.Well, eventually, my mom found out and killed me, like I knew she would. She was so heated she told me to get out of her house. Not having anywhere else to go I went to Brittneys house where she and her mother comforted me for the next four days. My mom loves me dearly, but was very unconnected with me and needed some time to cool off. Like me, Brittney has been the typical teenager as well, only her oops was a baby not a mistake, but a blessing, Brittney got pregnant at the end of our senior year in high school. I was there 100 percent to help her deal and prepare for what was soon to come.Brittney and I have been through so many circumstances together some good and some bad. Together we have grown as both people and friends. Even today we remain best friends. Through all of our laughs, silly jobs,and bad times weve never had a fall out or been upset with each other for anything we couldnt get over in five minutes. Although my mom has since moved from Savannah, Brittney and her mother still go visit her in her new home and my mom still visits them as well. I couldnt ask for a better friend to have to be there for me when I need it the most or to just call up when Im bored. Brittney and I will remain best friends for a long time and so will our families.

Essential Components of Effective Marketing Information System Essay

A market breeding constitution (MIS) is intended to aim together disparate items of data into a coherent body of information. An MIS is, as will shortly be seen, more than raw data or information suitable for the purposes of decision making. An MIS also provides methods for interpreting the information the MIS provides.Moreover, as Kotlers1 definition says, an MIS is more than a system of data collection or a set up of information technologies A marketing information system is a continuing and interacting structure of people, equipment and procedures to gather, sort, analyse, evaluate, and distri scarcee pertinent, timely and accurate information for use by marketing decision makers to improve their marketing planning, implementation, and control. Figure below describes the major components of an MIS, the environmental factors monitored by the system and the types of marketing decision which the MIS seeks to underpin. The marketing information systems and its subsystemsThe expo sition of this model of an MIS begins with a description of each of its four main constituent parts the internal reporting systems, marketing research system, marketing intelligence system and marketing models. It is suggested that whilst the MIS varies in its degree of sophistication with many in the industrialised countries being computerised and few in the developing countries being so a full fledged MIS should have these components, the methods (and technologies) of collection, storing, retrieving and processing data notwithstanding.Internal reporting systems All enterprises which have been in operation for any period of time nave a wealthiness of information. However, this information often remains under-utilised because it is compartmentalised, either in the form of an individual entrepreneur or in the functional departments of larger businesses. That is, information is usually reason according to its nature so that there are, for example, financial, production, manpower, marketing, stockholding and logistical data.Often the entrepreneur, or various personnel working in the functional departments holding these pieces of data, do not see how it could help decision makers in other functional areas. Similarly, decision makers can fail to appreciate how information from other functional areas capability help them and therefore do not request it. The internal records that are of immediate value to marketing decisions are orders received, stockholdings and sales invoices. These are but a few of the internal records that can be used by marketing managers, but even this small set of records is capable of generating a great(p) deal of information.

Game Theory Essay

Game speculation come ons to be a branch of applied maths which is used in social science. Its main objective is to capture behaviors but in this case mathematically in strategic situations where the success of an individual in choice making is largely dependent on the choices that be made by other people. This is the base or the main theme that underlies in the peppy possibility. This is the same theme that is supposed to be articulated in this article. The author ignores the fact that risque theory come in different types and only expresses sensationness type of biz theory specifically zero sum and non zero sum game theory.He concentrates only on this type of game theory leaves the reader with little or no information concerning the other types of game theory. (Miller, 2003) nevertheless, in the article, the author only concentrates on only one aspect of game theory and goes ahead and offers solutions or recommendations to that one aspect that he deals with. Game theory h as gone ahead and included other aspects in the line of origin other than the competition. This competition was only of one individual based on the expense of the other person which was commonly referred to as zero sum games.These happen to be the only issue that is covered here by the author of this article. I can therefore say that this article fails to present all the aspects which are involved or which matters as far as game theory is concerned. I can therefore say that there is more to game theory and that the recommendations proposed may not be that effective even if implemented. Some of the recommendations may therefore be said to deviate from the core subject that is under discussion. (Barnett, 1995) However this does not mean that the article is null and void.The author in the article gives a very good example of the basic concept and the meaning of game theory. By use of the example of the cardinal people in the article, the author paints out a exculpated picture of the principle of game theory and what is involved. It is clear to understand even to a person who does not have an idea of what game theory is. Further, the author gives recommendations or rather rules of what to do so that one may emerge success richly in any business that he or she may be conducting. (Barnett, 1995)The author may be said to fully address the issue to the game theory on the context that he is viewing form that of competition. In addition, unlike in the other cases where the recommendations that are machinate are usually impractical, here the author sets the recommendations that are practical in real life and which if they are implemented effectively will help the two organizations succeed in their sole objective of increasing their sales or rather profits. (Miller, 2003) The author also familiarized the reader with all the factors that maybe of sum of money incase one is involved in the business and experiencing these types of problems.He covers a larger area other than only the game theory gives recommendations which if they are implemented, they progeny to implementation of the recommendations of game theory. In conclusion, even though the author fails to deal with the other types of game theories, he has completely discussed this type of game theory big(a) all the recommendations required which would even be applicable to the other game theories if they are implemented as directed. ? References Barnett, F. (1995). Making Game Theory Work in Practice. Wall Street Journal , A14. Miller, J. (2003). Game Theory at Work. New York McGraw-Hill Publishers.

Background of Hrm Essay

Key Points to Sh are human race re bugs management is the process of controlling and managing masses to achieve an organizations objectives. For example, it specifies what time the employees have to arrive and determines what kind of task suits to the individual.1. The Evolution of Human Resource Management Function1.1 Scientific AdministrationThe concept is to put the safe man to the right job. When a person keeps working on repetitive jobs, tasks get done quicker. For recognise system, the much they work, the more than(prenominal) they get paid. Employees are seen as machines (cost) and the social club tells them what to do. Being repetitive work routines, employees get bored and dissatisfied. Moreover, at that place is a lack of communication between employees.1.2 Personnel AdministrationThe concept is quite similar to learning administration because a company sees employees as machines (cost). It accomplishs little attention in dealing with human. This concept is usual ly found in manufacturing jobs and factories. It focuses on controlling, hiring, and firing mess. For example, a company makes sure that employees come to work and get around on time by using clock-in and clock-out system.1.3 Human Relations Movement at that place are more interactions between people. Participation in discussion and knowledge sharing are stomached, resulting in a appressed distance between boss and employees. It is the time that organization moves from controlling to sharing ideas. As a result, company can have more options and be innovative. Also, employees would feel more comfortable and have a esthesis of belonging to the company.1.4 Human Resource ManagementIt focuses on how a company manages people, understanding employees needs and wants, and qualification their employees as an asset. Employees are trained in order to develop necessary skills for long-term advantages. This concept is influenced through with(predicate) practices, policies, and function o f employees in the company. The business strategy links to HR strategy including job picture and structure, recruitment, selection, training, re state of warding and promotion, career management, and performance management. In the case whereby employers treat employees well, it is beneficial in the long run in maintaining relationship with employees.5. Strategic Human Resource ManagementIt shows how a company link different HR practices together. Panyapiwat Institute of Management (PIM) is a good example of bodied institute run by CP. It offers courses that sift to develop important skills in the way the company wants. In this strategy, the company links their educational courses to organisational strategy to prepare students to become well-trained employees.McKinsey 7S Model and Strategic HRMValue identifies what is good and what is right. alliance tries to stress on the importance of keeping the companys honor. Also, company tries to pass on companys value generation to gener ation.2. Current Competitive Challenges in HRM2.1 Globalization has an impact toward HRM in foothold of movement of people, war for talent, and regional integration. Nowadays, people can easily work anywhere because of trade policy and immigration policy. These policies allow more flows of goods and services, and alike factors of production. It benefits companies which are seeking for potential drives. Also, legion(predicate) multinational companies send expatriates to work in foreign countries. However, there is also a bigger gap between good brand word-painting companies and companies that cares more somewhat reducing costs. In Asia, we have a potential to become an important source of labor since there is a trend of growth pool such as ASEAN, China, and India. Above all, the labor cost is cheap.As a Thai citizen, we think that it is going to be hard for Thailand to compete with early(a) ASEAN countries for many reasons such as cultural factors and social factors. For cul tural factors, Thais are lazy and they are non willing to do dangerous, difficult, and dirty jobs. For social factors, Thais do not want to work outside of the hoidenish because they do not want to be apart from their families. In Thai society, grandparents help to look subsequently their grandchildren art object parents can go to work and this shows strong family ties of Thai culture.2.2 Human Capital is skills, knowledge, and competency of individuals that take aim economic benefits to an organization. It can be developed through supportive national policy by government, corporate tailor-made strategies by companies, and continuous self-improvement by individuals. In Western countries, the company seeks for employees who have a good communication skill, leadership, capabilities and creativity. On the different hand, Thailand focuses more on being knowledgeable. The companies start to make their feature strategy to attract human capital. For example, CP craps its own univer sity to train its potential employees. By doing so, CP can offer specialised training and also detect talented people that they are looking for.3. Change ManagementThere are two types of replaces which are reactive transform and proactive smorgasbord. Reactive change is a change when nighthing has already happened while proactive change is doing something before it happens. A company needs to have change management programs to prepare employees for uncertainty and make sure that they can adapt to various situations.However, the effort to change can fail for many reasons. If the companies do not wish to encounter failure, they should maintain proactive change. For example, the expenditure of company As stock may decline from time to time. Thereby, company can give incentives to stockholders to encourage them to buy its shares.4. Cost ContainmentThere are five cost containments including downsizing, outsourcing, offshoring, onshoring, and crowdsourcing.1. Downsizing happens when most companies layoffs their employees during the monetary crisis.2. Outsourcing is using the third party to work in the organization. It saves costs of hiring and training employees. Also, it helps companies to be more flexible.3. Offshoring (Global Sourcing) is a business practice of sending jobs to other countries. For instance, many Western countries move their production part to other countries in Asia to cut costs.4. Onshoring is a business practice of sending jobs to other locations within the country. For instance, the minimum salary in Thailand is 300 Baht. If employees live in Bangkok or Phuket, they would have to spend more on expensive necessities. However, if they live in other parts of the country, they would find it cheaper.5. Crowdsourcing is the process whereby a company amateurs to design or create their products instead of full-time employees. It can help in terms of reducing cost.2.5 engine roomThere are two types of technology which have impact on HRM which are Human Resources entropy System (HRIS) and Electronic Human Resource Management (E-HRM). HRIS is the technology that introduces and provides data to the company. Examples would be MUIC OASIS and Googledoc. E-HRM is a process of transferring the information that is used for HRM. In other words, it is a overlyl that uses to access the system such as iPhone and iPad. These two types of technology are helpful for HR functions such as learning, recruiting and training.However, technology has many drawbacks such as privacy issues, uncontrollable spread of data, and the overuse of technology causing lower productiveness of employees.3. Employee concerns in the workplace3.1 Background diversityThere should be no discrimination in terms of national origin, race, religion, marital status and personal appearance in the organization. In U.S., there is an EEO Law (Equal vocation Opportunity Law) which makes sure that companies treat the employees equally.3.2 Age diversityIn some companies, they prefer elderly because these people are more knowledgeable. They are better at giving advices to customers.Generation Typology1. Veterans (1920-1946)2. Baby boomers (1947-1964)3. Generation X (1965-1980)4. Generation Y (1981-2000)5. Generation Z (1995-2010)6. Generation I (2001 onwards)3.3 Gender issues in workplace3.3.1 informal preferences Masculinity vs. femininityFor example, there is a certain perception of women as housewives and men as income earners. As a result, men are preferred at the workplace as they are seen to be more productive at work. However, this issue does not only apply to male and female preference, but also third genders.3.3.2 Sexual harassment can be in both verbal and physical slipway such as sexual jokes, language usage, and physical touching.3.3.3 Office romance is prohibited in some companies to avoid issue of being biased on performance and evaluation.3.3.4 Grass ceiling means there are some unseen barriers which block female from promoting to u pper job positions such as CEO, COO, CFO, and so on There are three reasons that obstruct women to be on a top position. Stereotype Company directors and executives would consider women as less talented than men to reach higher position. They believe that women are too sympathetic and therefore, cannot be a leader. Old boys network male would like to create their own league, which causes tougher obstacle for women. Cultural influence Japan, Korea, and Taiwan focus more on masculinity while Scandinavian countries focus more on femininity.3.3.5 Marital Status Being single or get hitched with can have am impact on being selected. For example, if you are married, you will be seen as a responsible person and concerned more about job security because they have a family to support.3.4 Job securityUnlike past decades, the current tendency of job security is expressed as instability because of world economic crisis, excessive welfare in Northern and Western Europe, and characteristic of i mpudently generation. More people would prefer to be a freelance (do not get regular and pimp jobs but irregular and insecure jobs such as part time jobs in 7-11 or degenerate food store).4. ConclusionWith background of human resource management, a company could understand more about the evolution of this science, learn from the history, and choose a method that suits to its style. To success in managing people, we have to concern about both competitive challenges and employee concerns. These two things will be used to consider and applied to HR functions which are planning, recruitment, staffing, job design, training, appraisal, communications, compensation, benefits, and labor relations. If a company can adapt and adjust its HR processes properly, it will be surely successful. There is no business, if there is no people to work for it.

Constitutionality of Stop and Frisk Essay

The quaternate Amendment of the United States Constitution guards against un mediocre inquisitiones and seizures. It also states that no warrants shall be issued without a probable cause. Modern commandment has afforded practice of law military officers an incentive to respect the amendment. The staunch and Frisk law allows police officers to stop someone and do a quick search of their outer clothes for weapons if the officer has a reasonable suspicion that a crime has or is about to take place and the person stopped is armed or dangerous.The reasonable suspicion must be based with specific articulable facts and not on just an officers hunch. The Stop and Frisk law balances crime control, protects an individuals right, and prevents unreasonable searches. The poop Amendment states, The right of the masses to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated and no warrants shall issue, hardly upon probab le cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be seized (Lehman 471-476).This amendment can be broken into 2 distinct parts the reasonableness article and the warrant clause. In the beginning, the U. S. Supreme move adopted the conventional Fourth Amendment approach, which says the warrant and reasonableness clauses argon firmly connected. The reasonableness clause protects the multitudes right against unreasonable searches and seizures. The reasonable clause has to pass the reasonableness test, which consists of two elements that the government has to rise up balance element and objective basis.The balancing element is the need to search and/or seize outweighs the encroachment of liberty and privacy rights of the individuals. The objective basis is when there ar sufficient facts to back up the search and/or seizure. The warrant clauses states that only warrants and probable cause are reasonable. It was not until the 1960s when the Suprem e mash shifted from the conventional approach to the reasonableness Fourth Amendment approach. It states that the 2 clauses are separate, and address separate problems.The warrant clause tells us what the Fourth Amendment requires only when law nforcement officers want to obtain warrants. Since a small percentage of searches and seizures are made with warrants and many searches and seizures dont require probable cause either, the warrant clause isnt very important. Todays stop and frisk law grow out of the practical problems police officers face in preventing and investigating crime on the streets and other public places in our largest cities. In investigations, officers are usually dealing with peck they dont know or probably wont ever see again.Usually these strangers suspicious behavior doesnt add up to the probable cause needed to arrest them. An example would be that officers dont have enough facts and circumstances viewed through their professional experience and training to arrest two men, who peer into a transshipment center window, look around to see if anyones watching them and pace up and down repeating the excogitation for 10 minutes. What should the officers do at this point? Keep watching? Do nothing about the stain? Detain the men and pat the down for weapons?Take them to the police station? These issues were raised in the illustrious terrycloth v. Ohio, 392 U. S. 1 (1968) case. Terry v. Ohio, 392 U. S. 1 (1968), was a decision by the United States Supreme court which ruled that the Fourth Amendment prohibition on unreasonable searches and seizures on unreasonable searches and seizures was not violated when a police officer stopped a suspect on the street and search him without probable cause.On October 31, 1963, a Cleveland police detective named Martin McFadden saw two men, John W.Terry and Richard Chilton, standing on a street corner looking suspicious. One would walk by a certain store window, stare in, and walk back to the other to confer. This was repeated several times, and the detective believed that they were plotting to do a store robbery. The officer approached the men and addressed himself as a policeman, and asked their names. When the men appeared suspicious in their answers, Officer McFadden patted them down and discovered that both men were armed. He proceeded to remove their guns and arrested them for carrying concealed weapons.Terry was sentenced to three years in prison. Terry appealed the case, claiming that the guns found should be inadmissible as consequence since his Fourth Amendment rights were violated. The case was appealed to the Supreme Court, where it was it was ruled that his rights had not been violated. In an 8-to-1 decision, the Court held that the search undertaken by the officer was reasonable under the Fourth Amendment and that the weapons seized could be introduced into evidence against Terry.The Court found that the officer acted on more than a hunch and that a reasonably judicious man would have been warranted in believing Terry was armed and thus presented a threat to the officers safety while he was investigating his suspicious behavior. The Court found that the searches undertaken were limited in scope and designed to protect the officers safety incident to the investigation. In reference to the Fourth Amendment searches and seizures, officers need to prove fewer suspicions facts and circumstances to back up stops and frisks than they do arrests and full-blown searches. lucre and frisks represents the beginning of a chronological path through the criminal process from more frequent and more visible searches and seizures in public to more intrusive searches and seizures out of sight in police stations. Stop and frisks arent just fine points for thoroughgoing lawyers and courts to debate. They also reflect broad public policies aimed at balancing the values of crime control and individual liberty and privacy.Since stop and frisks take place in pu blic, the queer of police office is there for everybody to see. Because of this visibility, stops and frisks probably shape public opinion of police power more than the greater invasions of arrest and searches that we never see. Deciding which is more important in a constitutional democracy crime control by means of less intrusive public stops and frisks change more people or often invisible arrests and searches affecting fewer people is both a constitutional and public policy question.The key facts are 1) Officers are going to stop many people who havent done anything wrong and theyll frisk lots of people who arent armed. 2) Most of the equal people want police protection and (at least in high-crime neighborhoods) need it more than people who spirited in safe neighborhoods. 3) Both lawbreakers and law abiders in high-street-crime neighborhoods from lasting opinions about the police from street encounters theyve watched or experienced.

Alone Together: Why We Expect More from Technology Essay

The day and the life of a teenagers, is consumed with text messages, prospect clock, Instagram, Twitter, YouTube, and Face book messages. Many of us watch TV, listen to music, and live chat with our friends by charge of the refreshing phone. Im sure our pargonnts wished for once, we would look up from our phones and concord an actual conference with them, but we cant. Were addicted to our phones. And sadly, this is typical living for modern mess to deal with this hurry and fast-paced society. Nevertheless, it seems that we attain less and less time to face the objective world around as technology owns us. Is this new model of communication doing us good or bad? In chapter 8 of the book totally Together Why We Expect More from engineering and Less from Each Other, the designer Sherry Turkle, emphasize that people prefer technology over face-to-face communication and therefore, as known as cyborgs.It seems impossible for people to a moment without technological devices s uch as webcams, cell phones or laptops. We acknowledge the ideal of chiting connected with others by way of our handheld or lap devices. As stated by the germ, cyberspace offer teenagers a bureau to create and explore identity. Additionally, practical(prenominal) communities, such as the internet, will us a chance at forming a Second Life. By creating an avatar, we can cut down our lives as we know it by creating a profile that will attract followers, friend requests, and likes. We literally swallow our relationships in the palm of our hands. But, is this real? Can we sustain these types of relationships? As note in the chapter, Virtual places offers club with uncertain claims to commitmentPeople talk about digital life as the place for hope, the place where something new will come to them (Turkle 153). I can admit to checking my phone just about either 5 minutes for a new pictures or messages from my friends.Social media provides instant updates and allow us to stay attu ne with whats happening in the world my world. However, Turkles stance remains neutral, yet depicts twain the advantages and disadvantages being tethered to the internet gives us. We tend to remove ourselves from society by talking on phones or glancing down at screens of their mobile devices. We log out of the real world and log in the virtual space and therefore, cease the interaction or human connection with people surrounding us. In Chapter 1, Turkle states Whether or not our devices are in use, without them we feeldisconnected, adrift. Gradually, we come to see our online life as life itself. Technology reshapes the landscape of our emotional lives, but is it offering the lives we want to lead? (16, 17). Were unable to live without technology. We have conditioned ourselves to never leave home without our devices. Gone are the days of remember important get through information. Our handheld device house all of this information, so should we lose the smart phone, were complet ely lost.Moreover, people feel like their abilities are enhanced and efficiency are increased while multitasking. As noted in chapter 8, We have moved from multitasking to multi-lifing. (160). In fact, were unable to perform basic tasks without some form of technological device near us streaming music, TV, or live chats. It seems that we gain more time from the technological devices than we gain from picking up the phone or having a face-to-face meeting. Turkel, stated, The online life may be enjoyable and fulfilling, making one even less satisfied with life at home. Networked, we are together, but so lessened are our expectations of each other that we can feel utterly alone. And there is the risk that we come to see others as objects to be accessedand only for the parts we find useful, comforting, or amusing. (154).Our expectations have dimmed due to our reliance on text messages, emails, and other mixer media outlets. We accept cryptic messages kinda of organized, well through out communications or agenda. Is there such a thing as social media overload? Can we escape from our devices long enough to simply breathe? One of the examples from the book, a museum curator Diane, she can barely keep up with the pace of technology. Its her goal to remain offline in drift to enjoy her life during her scheduled vacation and not feel inclined to response to the unread messages. The author suggests to us that in order to have more time to think, we have to the networked devices away, especially our youth.The author, Sherry Turkle, does not all the way express whether she encourage or discourages the use of networked devices, however, through her words, we can see that she implies that it is important for that we take a break from the virtual world and try to get back to the basics. As for my opinion, I enjoy my smart phone and the access that I have, however, realize after reading this book, I need to develop real friendships and not rely on my followers on the pop ular social media outlets to bring me instant gratification. However, I agreewith the author, people have a hard time relaxing because were always on and in receipt of news, be it good or bad. Yet, I choose the virtual world.Works CitedTurkle, Sherry. Alone Together Why We Expect More from Technology and Less from Each Other. New York Basic Books, 2011. Print.

Is a Multi-Cultural Society a Blessing? Essay

A multi-cultural society is a blessing. This is an assertion alleged by many. exactly is it true? Does the old regulation The more, the better really count here? And what on earth is a multi-cultural society? A multi-cultural society is a society containing several representations of different cultures. To understand it better, we excessively result need to be aw be of what both a society and a culture really is. match to Wikipedia, a society is a population of humans characterized by patterns of relationships between individuals that share a typical culture and/or institutions. And then you arrest a culture, which is a way of life, including traditions, manners, eating habits, and not to the lowest degree beliefs and religion, which I am going to go further into. This list could go on forever, but for you sake, it lead not, this time. So there you have the basics. Now, let us dive deeper into to whether this plea is true or not.From my assign of view, or let us say from the articles point of view, the whole worlds population together not only forms one, great society, but a multi-society. And in this society, there are Native Indians, Africans, Asians, poor people, rich people Christians and Buddhists, and so on. You will properly wonder how and where all these cultures originated. Well, the rootage points I guess you can imagine yourselves. But when we move on to religion, it all comes down to the East, thousands of age before Christ. This is also the origin of God or gods, as many of us still desire in. Polytheism, Pantheism and Monotheism are considered being the first beliefs with religious attributes as we know it today. These phenomenas have evolved, and also created new types of beliefs, and these beliefs, or religions, are the main differences between the global cultures.So now we can start discussing the phrase A multi-society is a blessing, with religion as a key word. All known religions promote peace, and tells us to fend off violence at all costs. Still, I will claim and blame religion for virtually of the wars and conflicts ever occurred on this planet. If you study deeply into the reasons of many of the greatest wars, you will discover that different perspectives on life, beliefs, will be involved in the cause ofthe terrifying violence. When people have different beliefs, they also have different opinions of what is right and wrong. Therefore, there will be misunderstandings, resulting conflicts. Now how can we avoid these conflicts erupting? As Martin Luther King said it is natural to fear the unknown, therefore, get to know the unknown, and each others standpoint. (Magnus Pettersen, termination paragraph. Note This is not an exact quote of Martin Luther King, only a pointer.)But of course, now I blade religion sound like the root to all evil, and that it only destroys the society, which it is not right. Religion can be a uncorrupted thing overly, it only depends on what you make out of it. I myself am an atheist, a person who does not believe in any god or over natural power, and I got to admit, I long for the comfort of knowing that when I die, I will be reborn, or end up in heaven. So it is understandable that people search for this calmness in different religions. You too properly believe in something, even if you do not consider yourself as religious.So to the question, what good does religions do to our society? It adds several perspectives on why we humans are here, what the meaning of life is and what happens to us after death, questions that are healthy for us to wonder about. It also teaches us, as mentioned before, to live in peace, and avoid violence. After all, most religions have their core maxim Treat others the same way you want them to slightness you. (Bible, Luke 631)I think we can conclude that a multi-culture both can be a blessing, and a living hell. It all depends on how literally you take your own, and others culture, if you are able for others points of v iews, and if you can live knowing that people around you always will have different ways to live their own life.Sourceshttp//www.allaboutreligion.org/origin-of-religion.htmhttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societyhttp//www.daria.no/skole/?tekst=7031http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheism

Monopolistic Competitive Market

Monopolistic Competitive Market adit The terminus merchandise refers to the place where buyers and carryers meet to engage in transactions that entail the exchange of goods or the provision of services for a consideration. A securities industryplace is not only characterized by a twist where people carry disclose business transactions. This is because any place that people carry out vocation asshole be referred to as a food market. A market is characterized by unlike mechanisms that facilitate trade. These mechanisms norm everyy pertain to the supply and demand of products and services (Bergin, 2005).From this explanation it should be clear that a market is comprised of tercet main elements. The sellers these be the people who bring the products or services to the market to be procured by the impulsive buyers. At this stage it is imperative to sidle up that in most cases sellers atomic number 18 the produces however in separate instances the sellers be not necessar ily the producers instead they can be traders. The second element of the market is the buyers. Buyers atomic number 18 individual who are forgeting and able to acquire the products or services being offered at the plethoric market value.Buyers are of two attributes at that place are those that buy the products or services for their own spending and there are those that buy the products or services in mold to resell them in several(predicate) markets. The buyers who buy the products for their own consumption are referred to as consumers whereas buyers who buy the products or services in club to resell them in distinct market are commonly referred to as trades and they can in accession be called arbitragers (Nicholson & Snyder, 2008). The third element of the market is the products that are being traded.The term product can be utilise to refer to either goods or services that are being offered in exchange for a consideration. The term product can also be used to refer to commodities only. General Objectives One of the general objectives of this musical theme is to facilitate the readers of this document to gain an collar of how markets work and most importantly how a noncompetitive private-enterprise(a) market works. This topic result achieve this through briefly discussing various types of markets and their characteristics.An opposite general objective of this paper is to compare and contrast the various characteristics of the different systema skeletales of market structures. This pass on take care to alter the readers to carry out a comparative epitome of the various forms of market structures thus they leave behind be able to prove their acquaintance on market structures. This objective will be attained through the analysis of the factors, which are mainly in play for the existence of a contingent form of market. The paper will also seek to analyze how the various factors in such markets inter affiliate in order to develop a mark et mechanism for that form of market structure.This is because all forms of markets structures have market mechanisms. These market mechanisms are ordinarily as result of the interaction of various factors that are both internal and external to a particular market. Specific Objectives One of the specific objectives of this paper is to discuss the conceptual theory of a monopolistic private-enterprise(a) market. The reciprocation of the monopolistic competitive market entails analyzing the various factors that characterize this particular form of market structure. This is will be important form enhance the knowledge of the readers of this paper, on monopolistic competitive market structure.The word of honor of the conceptual theory will also enable the readers to have a good basis for analyzing and responding to questions that relate to monopolistic competitive market structure. Another objective is to discuss the characteristics of a monopolistic competitive market. The discussi on of the characteristics of a monopolistic competitive market structure is important because it will serve to explain how the various factors involved in this type of market structure interrelate in order to this unique type of market.The discussion of the characteristic of a monopolistic competitive market will serve to enhance the down the stairsstanding of the readers of how companies that operate in such a market carry out their operations. The discussion of these characteristics will serve to inform the readers the various factors that companies operating in this type of market piece into consideration during decision-making. This discussion will also enable the readers to be able to identify a monopolistic competitive market in a real business situation.This paper also plans at establishing how market equilibrium is achieved both in the pertinacious live on and in the short run. This is mainly because in a monopolistic competitive market structure, market equilibrium is achieved differently both in the short run and in the long run. This analysis is imperative mainly because this knowledge enables the management to have a good basis for decision-making. The analysis will provide factors that the management should put into consideration whenever they are making decisions concerning either the short term or the long term future of a company.The illustration of how market equilibriums are achieved in the short run or in the long run will enable the readers to gain understanding of how the various factors in this market structure relate in the determination of the equilibrium market expenses. It will also enable to understand how companies that operate in a monopolistic competitive market adapt themselves in order to be able to operate in this particular form of market at minimal be and manage to obtain maximum winnings. This paper will also provide a practical pattern of a monopolistic competitive market.In this example, the paper will seek to illustrate how the conceptual theory is exhibited in this form of market structure. This paper will utilize this example in order to enhance the knowledge of the reader on how market equilibrium is attained both in the long run and in the short run. This example will illustrate how the various factors are displayed in a real market situation, also this paper will utilize the example to look at the type of decisions that are ground by mangers of companies that operate in a monopolistic competitive markets structure. Conceptual TheoryThere are four forms of market structure namely, monopoly, sinless competition, monopolistic competition and oligopoly. These forms of market structures are characterized by different market conditions. Markets are mainly classified according to the number of sousedlys in the industry or the form of products interchange in them. The number of firms operating in a particular market determines the level of competition in that market. crossroad ma rkets are mainly categorized according to the number of firms in the industry and the degree of competition that is commonplace in a particular industry.At this stage it is also important to spiritedlight that equilibrium scathes in these markets are subject to the forces of supply and demand. The forces of supply and demand are known as the terms mechanism. An individual firm on itself cannot influence the price of a commodity and can therefore only take the price prevailing in the market. Due to this condition a firm is therefore said to be a price taker (Nicholson & Snyder, 2008). The movement along a demand curve is caused by changes in price of a commodity.An increase in price results in a decrease in mensuration demanded hence a movement along the demand curve to the left. A sack in the demand curve is caused by changes in factors other than the price of the commodity in question. Different quantities are therefore demanded at the victor price. A shift in the demand cu rve outwards to the properly indicates that more quantities are demanded at the real price whereas a shift inwards to the left indicates that fewer quantities are demanded at the original price (Dwivedi, 2006).Movement in the supply curve is alike(p) to movement in the demand curve. A shift in the supply curve refers to a relocation of the supply curve either outwards to the office or inwards to the left due to change in the factors that affect supply other than price. This convey that at each price, a different quantity will be supplied that was previously supplied. Equilibrium price refers to the price, where the quantity demanded come tos that supplied. It is the price at which the amount the customers are able and instinctive to buy is equal to the quantity producers willing and able to supply.The equilibrium point, refers to a point at which the demand and the supply curve intersect. both price above the equilibrium price leads to extravagance supply, whereas any price below the equilibrium price leads to excess demand. Excess demand or supply causes disequilibrium in the market. Due to the excess demand for a particular commodity in the market, a shortage is created. This shortage causes the consumers to compete for the limited commodity in the market thus making the price of that commodity go up. As he price continues to rise, suppliers put more of the commodity into the market (Mandal, 2007). On the other hand, the high price also discourages some consumers from buy the commodity. This scenario of increased supply and reducing demand continues until the equilibrium price and quantity are set. When there is excess supply of a commodity in the market the prices begins to fall. As the price falls more consumers bribe the commodity. The suppliers also reduce the amount of the commodity they are releasing into the market due to the locomote prices.This scenario of falling supply and increasing demand continues until the equilibrium price and qua ntity are set. It is also important to highlight that a general assumption in the study of this subject is that firms aim at attaining maximum dineros using minimal costs possible. This essence during decision making the managers of the firm will always aim at using the least resources possible and utilise them efficiently in order to attain the maximum achievable profits possible. The level of make that will bring about maximum profit in a firm depends on the costs incurred and the revenues bring in.Revenues refers to incomes obtained by a firm from the sale of its outputs and they may be categorized into three namely, heart revenue, average revenue and borderline revenue. Total revenue refers to the come in income earned by a firm from the sale of its output. Total revenue is obtained through multiplying the total output sold by the price. Average revenue refers to income per unit of output. Average revenue can be obtained by dividing the total revenue obtained by the numb er of units of output. It is important to note that the average revenue is the same as the price of the commodity (Dwivedi, 2006).This implies that the average revenue curve, which relates average revenues to output, is the same as the demand curve, which relates prices to output. Marginal revenue refers to the addition to the total revenue arising from the sale of an additional unit of output. Marginal revenue can also be obtained by subtracting the previous total revenue from the current one and can be seen to be equal to the price and average revenue. Characteristics of a monopolistic competitive market This is a market structure that combines aspects of arrant(a) competition and those of a monopoly.There are many sellers and many buyers just like in perfect competition. The commodities dealt with are similar but each firm tends to differentiate its products from those of its competitors through acts such as branding, packing, wrapping and coloring. A monopolistic competitive ma rket structure is a combination of the features that will be discussed in the bring home the bacon paragraphs. In a monopolistic competitive market there exist many buyers and sellers. This comes in adequately because there is no single firm that can influence the prices of commodities or services in the market.If a business sells its goods or services above the market price then consumers can buy their goods from other businessmen. If a company sells its products at a lower price then chances of making a exhalation is very high (Mandal, 2007). Though a business may increase its prices in a perfect competition, the action may be risky since customers will move to another business. This is not the case with a monopolistic business, though a firm may lose some of the customers, some will prevail due to the kind of relationship they have with the seller or even the quality of the given products.All the aforementioned(prenominal) factors are due to the fact that there is a large num ber of buyers and customers that act independently. In this form of market structure it is assumed that the sellers and the buyers of commodities are well informed about the market. That is they know the prices, quality of products and all the factors affecting the market. In this market the products are differentiated. The products from different producers either vary in quality or the product is a group of commodities which are close substitutes of each other (Mandal, 2007).For instance, in the toothpaste industry there are different brands such as Colgate, Close up and Aquafresh. This differentiation of products from different firms enables each firm to enjoy a certain degree of monopoly power. A monopolistic competitive market is characterized by emancipation of entry and exit. This means there are no barriers to a business entering or sustenance the market. This means that new firms wishing to supply the same commodity are free to do so (Bergin, 2005). Similarly, existing fir ms wishing to leave the market are free to do so.How to determine equilibrium in the short run and long run on Monopolistic Competitive Market Structure bell and output determination under monopolistic competition Due to product differentiation, a firm under monopolistic competition is able to exercise some influence on the price of the product. This means that a firm can raise prices yet some customers will still buy at these high prices (Dwivedi, 2006). However, many customers will switch to rivals products. On the other hand, if the firm lowers the price, it would attract some buyers from the rival firms, thereby increasing its products demand.A monopolistically competitive market has a demand curve that slopes downward from left to right. In a monopolistic competitive market the demand curve is fairly elastic. This means that a small change in price will bring about more than proportionate changes in quantities demanded. This is because there are many substitutes in the marke t. The demand curve is more elastic than the one face by a monopolist but less elastic than a perfectly competitive market whose demand is perfectly elastic (Jehle & Reny, 2011). The relationship between average revenue and borderline revenue is similar to that of a monopolist.For average revenue to be increasing as more units of output are sold, the marginal revenue must be lower than the average revenue. Short run equilibrium output under monopolistic competition A firm under monopolistic competition will be at equilibrium at an output when profits are increased. This is the position when marginal revenue is equal to marginal cost. This is at price P1 and quantity Qe. However, there still excess demand and the firm can maximize its profits by changing price Pe. The firm will therefore produce quantity Qe and sell at price Pe (Jehle & Reny, 2011).Qe represents equilibrium output and P1 represents equilibrium price. The price at which the equilibrium output can be sold is determ ined by the demand Curve (Average Revenue) and its price. Profits are maximized at a level of output between O (zero) and the equilibrium quantity demanded. Long run equilibrium output under monopolistic competition A firm under monopolistic competition can make paranormal profits in the short run. Since there is free entry of new firm into the market, the supernormal profits will attract the new firms with the effect that demand for the old firms customers will be taken by new firms.The demand curve for the old firm therefore shifts right to left (Mandal, 2007). A lower quantity is demanded at each price. Firms are likely to increase outlay on product promotion due to increased competition, which in turn would cause the average total cost curve to shift upwards. in the raw firms will continue to enter the market as long as the existing equilibrium is achieved and all firms would be earning normal profits. The equilibrium point is where the average revenue is equal to the avera ge cost. This point is achieved in the long run when the average revenue curve is a tangent to the average cost curve.The firm will be at equilibrium when it produces output at the equilibrium quantity demanded (Bergin, 2005). This is where the marginal revenues equal the marginal cost because the firm is in the business of profit maximization. At the point of equilibrium, the average cost is equal to the average revenue. This is so because competitive pressure means that a firm can neither make a loss nor earn supernormal profits. At this point of equilibrium the firm is making normal profits only. Conclusion An example of a monopolistic competitive market is the toothpaste market.The toothpaste market is characterized by firms that offers products that are similar but they are highly differentiated. Consumers of Colgate toothpaste entrust that Colgate is the number one brand of toothpaste that ensures strong teeth. As a result of this the consumers are normally willing to buy too thpaste regardless of the price. Consumers of Aquafresh toothpaste believe that Aquafresh is the number one brand that ensures healthy germs and fresh breathe. As a result of this customers are willing to always procure the Aquafresh toothpaste regardless of the price.Consumers of the two products believe the products are different and this is because of the way the manufacturers have positioned the brands. REFERENCES Bergin, J. (2005). Microeconomic Theory A concise Course. New York Oxford University Press. Dwivedi, D. N. (2006). Microeconomics Theory & Applications. New Delhi Dorling kindersley. Jehle, G. A. , & Reny, P. J. (2011). advance Microeconomic Theory. New York Pretence Hall. Mandal, R. K. (2007). Microeconomic Theory. New Delhi Atlantic Publisher. Nicholson, W. , & Snyder, C. (2008). Microeconomic Theory Basic Principles and Extension. New York Cengage Learning.